Ahmad Rida Khan: To Claim Even Granted Knowledge of Ghayb is Shirk According to Taqwiyat al-Iman

August 2, 2023

We have seen in an earlier piece that in al-Dawlat al-Makkiyyah, Ahmad Rida Khan makes the following claims about Taqwiyat al-Iman:

  1. Taqwiyat al-Iman negates any amount of knowledge of the ghayb for the Prophet ﷺ even if by Allah’s granting, hence it has rejected clear verses of the Qur’an (which affirm some knowledge of the ghayb for the Prophet ﷺ), thus the author (Shah Isma‘il Shahid) is a disbeliever.
  2. Taqwiyat al-Iman negates the Prophet’s ﷺ knowledge of his own fate and that of his Ummah in opposition to clear verses of the Qur’an (which show the Prophet’s high rank in the next life), which is thus a further kufr in Taqwiyat al-Iman.
  3. Taqwiyat al-Iman states: “Whoever claims knowledge of ghayb for a prophet, even if it be the number of a tree’s leaves, has committed shirk with Allah, whether he says that he knows it on his own or by Allah’s granting [it to him] – in all cases shirk is established.”

Claims one and two were addressed in earlier pieces (here and here).

Claim three is actually manufactured from two different passages of Taqwiyat al-Iman! So let’s look at both passages in context.

Passage One

Shah Isma‘il Shahid says under the title “ishrak fi ‘l-‘ilm”:

Being present and seeing everywhere, having awareness of everything – near or far, hidden or open, dark or light, in the heavens or on the earths, on the peaks of the mountains or in the sea – continuously and at all times: this is the character of Allah alone. This is not the character of anyone else.

Whoever… conceptualizes the image of another and believes: ‘Whenever I take his name, whether with the tongue or heart or imagine his image or grave, he will gain awareness from his location; no affair of mine can be hidden from him; the states that I experience, whether illness or health, comfort and anguish, dying and living, grief and happiness, he is aware of everything at all times; he hears everything that comes out of my mouth; he knows all thoughts and ideas that cross my heart’, becomes a mushrik as a result. All such matters are shirk.

This is called ishrāk fi ‘l-‘lm, meaning affirming knowledge for others like Allah’s. A person certainly becomes a mushrik from such a belief, whether he believes this about prophets or saints, pirs or martyrs, imams or their descendants, spirits or fairies. Whether he believes this knowledge was intrinsically acquired or granted by Allāh, in short, in all scenarios, shirk is established as a result of this belief. (Taqwiyat al-Iman, pp13-14)

Shah Isma‘il Shahid is talking about all-encompassing knowledge where a creature’s knowledge is believed to be equal to Allah’s knowledge. Or, as he says: “Affirming knowledge for others like Allah’s (i.e. in its all-encompassing nature and infinitude).” This is shirk whether it is believed the knowledge was granted by Allah or is believed to be intrinsic. In the second paragraph, he is giving an example of how a person who holds such a belief thinks and behaves.

Hence, there are two aspects of ‘ilm al-ghayb that cannot be affirmed for other than Allah: a) intrinsic/non-granted ‘ilm al-ghayb, b) total and all-encompassing ‘ilm al-ghayb. Mawlana Ashraf ‘Ali Thanawi explains: “Knowledge of ghayb that is not via an intermediary or knowledge of infinite ghayb – even if (someone believes it for other than Allah to be) via an intermediary – being from the specific qualities of Allah, Most High, are definitive beliefs and proven from definitive texts. To claim this for other than Allah is kufr and shirk.” (Bawadir al-Nawadir. p665)

Hence, Ahmad Rida Khan’s claim that Shah Isma‘il Shahid said it is shirk to affirm any granted knowledge of ghayb at all for creation is false. He described only affirming total and all-encompassing knowledge that is equal to Allah for others (even with the belief that it is granted by Allah) as shirk. (See also the previous piece where it is demonstrated Shah Isma‘il Shahid explicitly affirmed granted knowledge of ghayb for other than Allah.)

Passage Two

While passage one occurs towards the start of the book, Ahmad Rida Khan merges it with another passage that occurs towards the end of Taqwiyat al-Iman! In this latter passage, Shah Isma‘il Shahid is discussing using the phrase: “Allah and His Messenger know”. He writes:

If someone asks another, ‘What is in the heart of so-and-so?’ Or, ‘When will so-and-so get married?’ Or, ‘How many leaves does such-and-such a tree have?’ Or, ‘How many stars are there in the sky?’ He should not say in response, ‘Allah and His Messenger know’. Only Allah knows things from the ghayb, the Messenger does not know [the ghayb]. There is no problem to say: ‘Allah and His Messenger know’ in a religious matter, or, ‘Allah and the Messenger has given such-and-such a ruling’, because Allah has communicated all matters of religion to His Messenger and has commanded all slaves to obey His Messenger. (Taqwiyat al-Iman, p84)

Analysis

We have now seen the two passages in context. Both passages are merely elaborating things that ordinary Muslims should already know: a) all-encompassing knowledge is exclusive to Allah and to affirm it for others is to equate creation with the Creator in His specific attribute and is thus shirk; b) it is incorrect to say, “Allah and His Messenger know”, for things of the future or unseen for which there is no evidence of the Prophet’s ﷺ knowledge of them.

How does Ahmad Rida Khan quote the two passages of Taqwiyat al-Iman? As follows:

“Whoever claims knowledge of ghayb for a prophet, even if it be the number of a tree’s leaves, has committed shirk with Allah, whether he says that he knows it on his own or by Allah’s granting [it to him] – in all cases shirk is established.”

من ادعى لنبي علم المغيبات، ولو علم عدد أوراق شجرة، فقد أشرك بالله، سواء قال إنه يعلمه بنفسه أو بعطاء الله تعالى، على كل وجه يثبت الشرك

This passage is nowhere found in Taqwiyat al-Iman. It is an invention of Ahmad Rida Khan, by piecing together bits of the two passages above, conveying a meaning that Shah Isma‘il Shahid never said. Shah Isma‘il Shahid said one mustn’t add the Prophet ﷺ to the statement “Allah knows the number of a tree’s leaves”, but he did not say that to say the Prophet ﷺ was given this knowledge is shirk. He said only (in an earlier passage) that to affirm all-encompassing knowledge equal to Allah is shirk even if it is believed to have been granted by Allah.

Conclusion

Given this, is it surprising Ahmad Rida Khan did the same to Tahzir al-Nas (i.e. manufactured a fake quote by combining multiple fragments)?

Given this, is it surprising that Muhammad Aqdas Barelwi, an ardent contemporary follower of Ahmad Rida Khan, was caught doing something similar with Taqwiyat al-Iman (i.e. combining two passages to manufacture a fake quote)?

Do we see a pattern?

Post Script

There are legitimate grounds to criticise parts of Taqwiyat al-Iman, in particular the imprecise use of language in some places that can lead to genuine misunderstandings. Mawlana Qasim Nanotwi, ‘Allamah Anwar Shah Kashmiri and Mawlana Husayn Ahmad Madani, from the major scholars of Deoband, despite their respect for Shah Isma’il Shahid and their positive opinion of his other writings, held an overall negative opinion of Taqwiyat al-Iman based on these problematic passages. (Malfuzat Muhaddith Kashmiri, pp177-9) Even those that held an overall positive opinion of Taqwiyat al-Iman, like Mawlana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, acknowledged its “apparent excessiveness” in places. (Ta’lifat Rashidiyyah, p90)

But the criticisms of Fadl Rasul Badayuni, followed by Ahmad Rida Khan Barelwi and his followers, are by and large not legitimate. And this has become the hallmark of Barelwism: disingenuous and illegitimate attacks of theological opponents. They even went as far as to invent the myth that Taqwiyat al-Iman is literally a translation of Muhammad b ‘Abd al-Wahhab’s Kitab al-Tawhid! (See here and here and here.) (Notorious online Barelwi Abu Hasan regurgitated this myth and when challenged about it has remained silent for over three years!)

And, here, Ahmad Rida Khan literally combines two different passages of Taqwiyat al-Iman to manufacture a fake quote (like his follower Aqdas also did)!

It might serve Barelwis well to shake off this toxic and unhealthy manner of discourse and embrace an honest and genuine manner instead. But, perhaps the danger they sense in this is that they may have to shake off Barelwism altogether given that such unhelpful and false criticism forms part of the very foundations of Barelwism!

Allahu ‘l-Musta’an.


Barelwi Istighathah in Action: Salat al-Ghawthiyyah/Salat al-Asrar

July 6, 2023

Ahmad Rida Khan Barelwi taught a particular ritual for fulfilling one’s needs called “Salat al-Ghawthiyya” or “Salat al-Asrar”.* This ritual involves performing a two-rak‘ah optional prayer in a specific manner, followed by specific actions. Ahmad Rida Khan elaborates on a part of the ritual as follows:

“Then he should focus with his heart towards Madinah Tayyibah and say eleven times: ‘Oh RasulAllah, Oh NabiAllah, grant me relief, assist me, in fulfilling my need, Oh fulfiller of needs.’” (Fatawa Ridawiyyah, 7:643)

Ahmad Rida Khan believed the Prophet ﷺ is omnipotent (i.e. able to do anything he wishes in creation) and hears people from all over the world. He believed the Prophet ﷺ can literally and physically aid someone in distress. Elsewhere, he proclaimed: “The Prophet ﷺ can fulfil every type of need. All wants of this life and the next are within the Prophet’s ﷺ powers.”

And here, he is advising his readers to call out to the Prophet ﷺ in distress, after performing a two-rak’ah optional prayer, to grant them relief and aid, addressing him as “fulfiller of needs”. Ahmad Rida Khan also held the belief that if it were within Allah’s power, He would have elevated the Prophet ﷺ to the status of a deity.

Recall, the Shari’ah not only forbids shirk proper, but also a resemblance of shirk. Among practices that closely resemble shirk, this practice will certainly be up there.

The ritual also includes taking several steps in the direction of the grave of Shaykh ‘Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani (471-561 AH). Ahmad Rida Khan says:

“While taking the steps, one should be in a state of awe, humbleness, respect and tranquillity, and I prefer he imagines being present in Baghdad with (Shaykh ‘Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani‘s) resting place in front of him…The slave becomes enthused and proceeds with steps of joy saying with every step: ‘Oh Ghawth al-Thaqalayn, Oh Karim al-Tarafayn, grant me relief and assist me in fulfilling my need, Oh fulfiller of needs.’” (Fatawa Ridawiyyah, 7:646-7)

Ahmad Rida Khan even described a particular night, while he was in Delhi having travelled there in 1302 H/1885 CE to visit a particular grave, when he practised this ritual, “focused on it with all sides of his heart” (muqbil ‘alayha bi sharashir qalbi). (Fatawa Ridawiyyah, 7:654) Showing how seriously he takes the proper performance of the ritual, he complains of “some common people” who don’t lift their feet when taking the steps, saying: “We’ve been ordered to take steps, so moving away from that without need is the essence of error” (Fatawa Ridawiyyah, 7:644-5), and explains what he believes to be the significance of taking eleven steps specifically. (Fatawa Ridawiyyah, 7:654-8)

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Mufti Rashīd Aḥmad Ludhyānwī on Keeping Names Like ‘Abd al-Nabī

September 11, 2022

Mufti Rashīd Aḥmad Ludhyānwī (1922 – 2002 CE) penned the following fatwā:

There is no harm in keeping the name “Ghulām Ghawth” or “Ghulām Aḥmad” and so on. Keeping names like “‘Abd al-Rasūl” etc., in which there is ascription of ‘abd to other than Allāh, because of it being suggestive of shirk, is impermissible. However, such a person cannot be called Mushrik because ‘abd can be understood to mean servant or obedient.

Mullā ‘Alī al-Qārī (Allāh have mercy on him) said:

ولا يجوز نحو عبد الحارث ولا عبد النبي ولا عبرة بما شاع فيما بين الناس (المرقاة، ج٩ ص١٠٦)

“The like of ‘Abd al-Ḥārith is not permissible, nor ‘Abd al-Nabī etc., and no consideration is given to what is popular amongst people.” (al-Mirqāt, 9:106)

‘Allāmah ibn ‘Abidīn (Allāh have mercy on him) said:

أقول: يؤخذ من قوله ولا عبد فلان منع التسمية بعبد النبي، ونقل المناوي عن الدميري أنه قيل بالجواز بقصد التشريف بالنسبة والأكثر على المنع خشية اعتقاد حقيقة العبودية كما لا يجوز عبد الدار (رد المحتار، ج٥ ص٢٦٨)

“”I say: It is derived from the statement ‘one is not to name [a newborn] ‘Abd Fulān’, the prohibition of naming a child ‘Abd al-Nabī. Al-Munāwī reported from al-Damīrī that it was said to be permissible based on intending ennoblement by attribution, but the majority hold the view of prohibition for fear of believing the reality of slavehood, just as ‘Abd al-Dār is not permissible.” (Radd al-Muḥtār, 5:268)

7 Jumāda ‘l-Ulā, 1389 (July 1969)

(Aḥsan al-Fatāwā, 8:174-5)


موقف أكابر علماء ديوبند من الإستغاثة بالأموات

August 31, 2020

مِن القضايا الحساسة ما بين أهل السنة والجماعة فى الهند وخارج الهند: حكم الإستغاثة بالأموات، والذي يهمّنا هنا رأي أكابر علماء ديوبند فيها، وبما أنها كانت من معارك الآراء في ذلك الوقت (ولا يزال)، فإن هؤلاء الأكابر رحمهم الله تعالى أطالوا البحث فيها وبيَّنوا موقفهم بوضوح، حتى إن بعضهم ألفوا رسائل كاملة مستقلة فيها، كالعلامة ظفر أحمد العثماني (١٨٩٢ – ١٩٧٤ م) المشهور – صاحب ((إعلاء السنن)) وغيرها من مصنفات مفيدة –  ألف رسالة ((الإرشاد في مسألة الإستمداد)) بالأردوية، وهي في مجموعة مقالاته (مقالات عثماني، ج٢ ص٢٧٥ – ٣٢٨)، والعلامة مرتضى حسن الجاندبوري (١٨٦٨ – ١٩٥١ م) ألف رسالة ((سبيل السداد في مسألة الإستمداد))، وهي رسالة طويلة ردّ فيها على شبهات المخالفين، وهي في مجموعة رسائله باللغة الأردوية.

وقبل أن ندخل في حكم الإستغاثة بالأموات عند أكابر ديوبند، يجب أن نحدّد محل الخلاف، فإن لفظ ((الإستغاثة)) قد تستعمل لمعان مختلفة، فيجب التحرز عما وقع فيه الكثير من الإستدلال على أحد معانيه بما لا يستدل به، بل يستدل به على معنى آخر له.

الإستغاثة بالأموات قد تُستعمل:

١. للتوسل بالذوات بأن يقول أحد: ((اللهم إني أسأل وأتوسل إليك بفلان النبي أو الولي أن تقضي لي حاجة كذا وكذا.))

٢. وقد تستعمل للتبرك بذكر الإسم، كأن يقول أحد: ((يا محمد))، لمحض إظهار الحب والشوق إليه، من غير اعتقاد أن الرسول صلى الله عليه يسمعه مباشرة أو أن قوله هذا يبلغه قطعا.

٣. وقد تستعمل للإستفاضة من صاحب قبر، بأن يجلس صاحب كشف عند القبر ولا يطلب منه شيئا، بل يستفيد منه روحانيةً كما هو مجرَّب عند أصحاب الكشف.

 ٤. وتستعمل أيضا لطلب الدعاء من صاحب القبر عند الزيارة.

وهذه المعاني لا يخالف جوازها علماء ديوبند، إلا المعنى الرابع فإنهم يعتبرونها محل اختلاف معتبر مبني على الإختلاف الواقع في سماع الموتى. قال العلامة رشيد أحمد الكنكوهي (١٨٢٩ – ١٩٠٥) ما تعريبه: ((وأن يذهب إلى قرب القبر ويقول: يا فلان، ادعو الله تعالى لي أن يقضي الله تعالى حاجة كذا وكذا، فهذا فيه اختلاف بين العلماء، فأما من قال بسماع الموتى فيجوّزونه، وأما من لم يقل به فلا يجوّزونه…نعم، لا خلاف في سماع الأنبياء عليهم السلام، فليسوا بداخلين في هذا الإختلاف.)) (التأليفات الرشيدية مع الفتاوى الرشيدية، ص٦٩) أما بالنسبة للمعنى الثالث قال صاحب ((المهند على المفند)) الذي وقَّع عليه جميع أكابر ديوبند من ذلك الوقت: ((وأما الإستفادة من روحانية المشايخ الأجلة، ووصول الفيوض الباطنة من صدورهم أو قبورهم، فيصح على الطريقة المعروفة في أهلها وخواصها، لا بما هو شائع فى العوام)) (المهند، ص٦٠)

قال العلامة صنع الله الحلبي الحنفي (ت: ١٧٠٨ م)، وهو عالم حنفي عثماني عاش قبل الديوبندية، بل قبل الوهابية، وهو ليس بتيمي بل أوَّل الصفات الخبرية كاليد، وألف رسالة لإنكار عمل الإستغاثة بالأموات مع الاعتقاد أن لهم علما وتصرفات، قال فيها: ((وما قيل من أنه يجوز الإستغاثة بالأنبياء والصالحين فإنما المراد به التبرك بذكرهم والتوسل بهم بلا إمداد منهم)) (سيف الله على من كذب على أولياء الله، ص٤٩ – ٥٠)

وهكذا يُفهم قول الإمام السبكي وغيره من جواز الإستغاثة، إنما المراد به التوسل بالذوات المقدسة لا طلب الحاجة مباشرةً منهم.

قال الشيخ عبد الحق المحدث الدهلوي (١٥٥١ – ١٦٤٢ م) المشهور في شرحه على المشكاة باللغة العربية: ((أما الإستمداد بأهل القبور فقد أنكره بعض الفقهاء، فإن كان الإنكار من جهة أنه لا سماع لهم ولا علم ولا شعور بالزائر وأحواله فقد ثبت بطلانه، وإن كان بسبب أنه لا قدرة لهم ولا تصرف في ذلك الموطن حتى يمدوا، بل هم محبوسون عن ذلك ومشتغلون بما عرض لأنفسهم من المحنة ما شغلهم عمن عداهم فلا يرى ذلك كليا، خصوصا في شأن المتقين الذين هم أولياء الله تعالى، فيمكن أن يحصل لأرواحهم عند الرب تعالى من القرب فى البرزخ والمنزلة والقدرة على الشفاعة والدعاء وطلب الحاجات لزائريهم المتوسلين …وما أدري ما المراد بالإستمداد والإمداد الذي ينفيه المنكر، والذي نفهمه نحن أن الداعي المحتاج الفقير إلى الله يدعو الله ويطلب حاجاته من فضله تعالى ويتوسل بروحانية هذه العبد المقرب المكرم عنده تعالى، ويقول: اللهم ببركة هذا العبد الذي رحمتَه وأكرمتَه وبما لك به من اللطف والكرم اقض حاجتي وأعط سؤلي إنك أنت المعطي الكريم، أو ينادي هذا العبد المقرب عند الله تعالى ويقول: يا عبد الله ويا وليه اشفع لي وادع ربك وسله أن يعطيني سؤلي ويقضي حاجتي، فالمعطي والمسؤول عنه والمأمول به هو الرب تعالى وتقدس، وما العبد فى البين إلا وسيلة، ولا القادر والفاعل والمتصرف إلا هو، وأولياء الله هم الفانون الهالكون في فعله تعالى وقدرته وسطوته…هذا وما ينقل عن المشايخ المكاشفين فى الإستمداد من أرواح الكمل واستفادتهم منهم فخارج عن الحصر مذكور في كتبهم مشهور فيما بينهم لا حاجة أن نذكرها)) (لمعات التنقيح ج٧ ص٣٨ – ٤٠)

وهذا – كما ترى – صريح في أن المراد بالإستغاثة عنده المعنى الأول والثالث والرابع المذكور أعلاه، ثم قال: ((نعم، إن كان الزائرون يعتقدون أهل القبور متصرفين مستبدين قادرين من غير توجه إلى حضرة الحق والإلتجاء إليها كما يعتقده العوام الجاهلون الغافلون، وكما يفعلون غير ذلك من تقبيل القبر والسجود له والصلاة إليه مما وقع منه النهي والتحذير، وذلك مما يمنع ويحذر منه وفعل العوام لا يعتبر قط…وحاشا من العالم بالشريعة والعارف بأحكام الدين أن يعتقد ذلك ويفعل)) (لمعات التنقيح، ج٧ ص٣٩)

وبعد هذا التمهيد، فأقول: إن محل الخلاف إذن هو طلب الحاجة من الميت مباشرة باعتقاد حقيقة معنى الطلب – لا أن يؤوله أو يكون مراده المعنى المجازي كما هو المعتاد فى الأشعار – بأن يقول فلان عند المصيبة: ((يا فلان النبي أو الولي، أغثي وأنقذني من هذه المصيبة))، ويعتقد أن ذلك النبي أو الولي يسمعه من بعيد، وله علم به، وله التصرفات على الإنقاذ والعون بنفسه. هذا هو محل الخلاف، فيقول مبتدعة الهند ومن وافقهم: إنه جائز لا بأس به، ويقول أهل السنة بالهند وعلى رأسهم علماء ديوبند إنه فعل شنيع لا يجوز، بل يخاف على صاحبه الكفر.

إن مشايخنا الحنفية قالوا: من قال أرواح المشايخ حاضرة تعلم يكفر (الفتاوى البزازية، ج٦ ص٣٢٦) وفى المحيط البرهاني (ج٧ ص٤٠٧): ((رجل تزوج امرأة ولم يحضره شهود، فقال الرجل: خدا را ورسول را بر تو كواه كردم، أو قال: خداي را وفرشتكان را كواه كردم، [أي: أُشهد الرسول أو الملك على النكاح] فقد كفر، لأنه اعتقد أن الرسول أو الملك يعلم الغيب.* في فتاوى الأصل: ولو قال: فرشته دست راست را كواه كرفتم، وفرشته دست ذب را كواه كردم لا يكفر [أي: أُشهد الملك على اليمين والملك على الشمال على النكاح] لا يكفر، لأنهما يعلمان ذلك، لأنهما لا يغيبان عنه.)) وهذه المسألة مصدره: الإمام أبو القاسم الصفار من متقدمى أئمة الحنفية.

والأصل في هذا أنه ليس لأحد من الخلق تصرف أو علم من غير سبب ومن غير كسب، أي: من غير إعطاء الله تعالى إياه بسبب من الأسباب، فليس لأحد من الخلق تصرف أو علم من فوق الأسباب أي: استقلالا، وهذه الأسباب معلومة إما من طريق العادة أو المشاهدة أو الشريعة/الوحي.

فإذا عُلم كون شيء سببا بطريق صحيحة، فاعتقاد المسبب لا بأس به، بل يجب في مثل ما هو ثابت لرسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم من علم الشريعة والآخرة وعلم الجنة والنار إلى غير ذلك.

أما ما لم يثبت فالاعتقاد به هو نفس الاعتقاد بعلم أو تصرف فوق الأسباب، وهذا شرك محض وكفر محض. نعم، لو قال أحد على الرغم من اعتقاده بمثل هذا العلم أو التصرف للغير بغير دليل معتبَر: إني أقول به مع أني لا أعتقد أنه حصل به استقلالا بل هو حاصل بسبب، فهذا يصرف الكفر عنه، لكن لا يزال هذا العمل مشابها بعمل أهل الشرك لأنه يوهم معنى الإستقلال، فيحرم قطعا، بل يمكن أن يكفر لو كان كلامه مشابها بكلام أهل الشرك تماما، كأحد الهنود يدعو إله الهنادكة بهذا التأويل، أو أحد من المسلمين يدعو بين ظهراني النصرانية سيدنا عيسى عليه السلام ويطلب منه المدد بهذا التأويل، فإنه يحق للمفتي أن يفتي بكفره في هذه الصورة. فالتأويل في مثل هذه المواضع لا يصرف الكفر عنه. ومهما لم يثبت علم أو تصرف لأحد من طريق صحيح فإثباته مما يوهم الإستقلال، فلا يجوز من هذا الوجه. قال الفقهاء ((مجرد الإيهام كاف فى المنع من التكلم بهذا الكلام وإن احتمل معنى صحيحا.))

ويُستثنى من هذا معجزة أو كرامة يُعلم من طريق الوحي أو الكشف أنها ستتحقق، فيستعمل لفظ الإستغاثة إظهارا له، فهذا ليس بداخل في معنى ما تقدمت لأنه مما يُعلم كونه سببا من طريق صحيحة (أي: وحي أو كشف).

 أما لو لم يعتقد المستغيث بمخلوق حقيقة كلامه، ويستعمل كلمة الإستغاثة لمحض الشوق والمحبة، فحكم مثل هذا متوقف على سياق الكلام، فإن كان مما لا يتوهم المعنى الحقيقي فيه فهو جائز لا بأس به، وإن كان مما يتوهم فيه هذا المعنى الباطل فيكره من هذا الوجه أو يحرم. قال الفقيه الشافعي محمد بن سليمان الكردي رحمه الله: ((وأما التوسل بالأنبياء والصالحين فهو أمر محبوب ثابت في الأحاديث الصحيحة وقد أطبقوا على طلبه، بل ثبت التوسل بالأعمال الصالحة وهي أعراض فبالذوات أولى، أما جعل الوسائط بين العبد وبين ربه، فإن كان يدعوهم كما يدعو الله تعالى في الأمور ويعتقد تأثيرهم في شيء من دون الله فهو كفر، وإن كان مراده التوسل بهم إلى الله تعالى في قضاء مهماته مع اعتقاده أن الله هو النافع الضارّ المؤثر في الأمور فالظاهر عدم كفره وإن كان فعله قبيحا)) (بغية المسترشدين، ص٣٠٨، ٣٦٩)

قال المفتي محمد تقي العثماني عند ذكر ملاحظاته على كتاب ((المفاهيم يجب أن تصحح)): ((لقد أحسن المؤلف، كما سبقت الإشارة منا إلى ذلك، في تأكيده على الإحتياط اللازم في أمر تكفير مسلم، فلا يكفر مسلم ما دام يوجد لكلامه محمل صحيح، أو محمل لا يوجب التكفير على الأقل، ولكن التكفير شيء ومنع الرجل من استعمال الكلمات الباطلة أو الموهمة شيء آخر، والإحتياط فى التكفير الكف عنه ما وجد منه مندوحة، ولكن الإحتياط فى الأمر الثاني هو المنع من مثل هذه الكلمات بتاتا. ومن ذلك قول المؤلف: فالقائل: يا نبي الله اشفني واقض ديني، لو فرض أن أحدا قال هذا، فإنما يريد: اشفع لي فى الشفاء، وادع لي بقضاء ديني، وتوجه إلى الله في شأني، فهم ما طلبوا منه إلا ما أقدرهم الله عليه، وملكهم إياه من الدعاء والتشفع، فالإسناد فى كلام الناس من المجاز العقلي (ص٩٥)، وهذا تأويل حسن للتخلص من التكفير، وهو من قبيل إحسان الظن بالمؤمنين، ولكن حسن الظن هذا إنما يتأتى فيمن لا يرفض تأويل كلامه بذلك، أما من لا يرضي بهذا التأويل بنفسه، كما هو واقع من بعض الناس فيما أعلم، فكيف يؤول كلامه بما لا يرضى به هو؟! وبالتالي فإن هذا التأويل وإن كان كافيا للكف عن تكفير القائل ولكنه هل يشجع على استعمال هذه الكلمات؟ كلا! بل يمنع من ذلك تحرزا من الإيهام والتشبه على الأقل، كما نهى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم عن استعمال لفظ عبدي للرقيق لكونه موهما، فالواجب عندي على من يلتمس التأويل لهؤلاء القائلين أن يصرح بمنعهم عن ذلك لئلا يشجعهم تأويله على استعمال الكلمات الموهمة، فإن من يرعى حول الحمى أوشك أن يقع فيه.)) (منقول في آب كى مسائل اور ان كا حل، ج١٠ ص١٧٠ – ١٧١)

فهذا هو موقف علماء ديوبند في هذه المسألة، وبالنظر إليه يمكن تخريج غيره من المسائل مما يتشدد فيه علماء ديوبند ويتساهل فيه الآخرون.

العلامة عبد الحي اللكنوي (١٨٤٨ – ١٨٨٦ م) – الذي فضله ومنّه على الأمة معروف – وهو ليس بديوبندي، بل معاصر لمؤسسي علماء ديوبند، وكان صديقا للشيخ قاسم النانوتوي، سئل عن رجل يظن أن الأولياء يعلمون ويسمعون نداء المنادي قريبا وبعيدا فيستمده بألفاظ يقولها الحاضر للحاضر: ((هذا رجل فاسد العقيدة، بل يخشى عليه الكفر، فإن سماع الأولياء للنداء من بعيد ليس بثابت، والعلم الكلي بجميع الجزئيات في جميع الأزمان مختص بالله جل جلاله، وقد قال فى الفتاوى البزازية: من قال إن أرواح المشايخ حاضرة تعلم يكفر، انتهى. وذكر فيه أيضا أن من تزوج بشهادة الله ورسوله يكفر لأنه ظن أن الرسول يعلم الغيب، انتهى…والله أعلم، حرره الراجي عفو ربه القوي أبو الحسنات محمد عبد الحي تجاوز الله عن ذنبه الجلي والخفي.)) (مجموعة الفتاوى، ص٣٧٨ – ٣٨٩)

وسئل عما اشتهر فى بلاد الهند بين العوام من نداء الأنبياء والأولياء من بعيد عند المصيبة والحاجة استغاثةً بهم مع اعتقاد أنهم حاضرون ناظرون وأنهم إذا استُغيث بهم هم عالمون قاضون حاجاتهم، فأجاب بما تعريبه: ((مثل هذا الإعتقاد فى الأنبياء والأولياء أنهم حاضرون ناظرون شرك، فإنه يلزم منه العلم بالغيب لغير الله تعالى، وهذه العقيدة شرك. فإن هذه الصفة خاصة بالله تعالى لا يشاركه فيه أحد.)) (مجموعة الفتاوى، ص٣٤٤ – ٣٤٥) ثم نقل من الفتاوى البزازية نفس الجزئيتين المذكورتين.

قال السيد محمود الآلوسي  رحمه الله، وهو معاصر لمشايخ مؤسسي دار العلوم ديوبند: ((الناس قد أكثروا من دعاء غير الله تعالى من الأولياء الأحياء منهم والأموات وغيرهم، مثل: يا سيدي فلان أغثني، وليس ذلك من التوسل المباح في شيء، واللائق بحال المؤمن عدم التفوه بذلك، وأن لا يحوم حول حماه، وقد عده أناس من العلماء شركا، وإن لم يكنه فهو قريب منه، ولا أرى أحدا ممن يقول ذلك إلا وهو يعتقد أن المدعو الحي الغائب أو الميت المغيب يعلم الغيب أو يسمع النداء ويقدر بالذات أو بالغير على جلب الخير ودفع الأذى، وإلا لما دعاه ولا فتح فاه، وفي ذلكم بلاء من ربكم عظيم، فالحزم التجنب عن ذلك وعدم الطلب إلا من الله تعالى القوي الغني الفعال لما يريد…ولا يغرنك أن المستغيث بمخلوق قد تُقضى حاجته وتنجح طلبته، فإن ذلك ابتلاء وفتنة منه عز وجل)) (روح المعاني، مؤسسة الرسالة، ج٧ ص١٨١)

تنبيه: قد زعم بعض الناس أن التفسير هذا فيه تحريف، وهذا لا يصح، كما هو موضّح في دراسة هذه الطبعة المحققة.

قال العلامة صنع الله الحلبي: ((قد ظهر الآن فيما بين المسلمين جماعات يدعون أن للأولياء تصرفات في حياتهم وبعد الممات ويستغاث بهم فى الشدائد والبليات، وبهممهم تنكشف المهمات، فيأتون قبورهم وينادونهم في قضاء الحاجات مستدلين على أن ذلك منهم كرامات، وقررهم في ذلك من ادعى العلم بمسائل وأمدهم بفتاوى ورسائل…وهذا كما ترى كلام فيه تفريط وإفراط وغلو فى الدين بترك الإحتياط بل فيه الهلاك الأبدي والعذاب السرمدي لما فيه من روائح الشرك المحقق ومصادرة الكتاب العزيز المصدق ومخالفة لعقائد الأئمة وما اجتمعت عليه هذه الأمة.)) (سيف الله، ص٢٢ – ٢٣) وقال: ((والإستغاثة تجوز فى الأسباب الظاهرة العادية من الأمور الحسية في قتال أو إدراك عدو أو سبع ونحوه كقولهم يا لزيد يا لقومي يا للمسلمين كما ذكروا ذلك في كتب النحو بحسب الأسباب الظاهرة بالفعل، أما الإستغاثة بالقوة والتأثير أو فى الأمور المعنوية من الشدائد…فمن خصائص الله.)) (سيف الله، ص٥١)

أحمد الرومي عالم عثماني عاش قبل أكثر من ٤٠٠ سنة، ألف رسالة ((مجالس الأبرار)) رد فيها على فعل الإستغاثة، وهذا كتاب قرظ عليه الشاه عبد العزيز الدهلوي والعلامة عبد الحي اللكنوي، وهو كتاب معروف متداول مقبول عند علماء ديوبند وغيرهم.

قال الشيخ رشيد أحمد الكنكوهي: ((نداء غير الله تعالى من بعيد إنما يكون شركا حقيقيا إذا اعتقد فيه أنه عالم سامع مستقل، وإلا لا يكون شركا.)) (التأليفات الرشيدية مع الفتاوى الرشيدية، ص٥٥) وقال عن طلب العون من الميت: ((إن قال هذا معتقدا أن الشيخ (المستغاث به) عالما بالغيب ومتصرفا مستقلا فهو شرك محض، قال تعالى: وعنده مفاتح الغيب لا يعلمها إلا هو الآية، وغيره من النصوص. قال فى البزازية وغيرها من الفتاوى: من قال إن أرواح المشايخ حاضرة تعلم يكفر، ومن ظن أن الميت يتصرف فى الأمور دون الله واعتقد به كفر، كذا فى البحر الرائق، انتهى من مائة المسائل. ومن لم يعتقد ذلك فحتى في هذه الصورة إنه لا يجوز، فإن في هذه الصورة وإن لم يكن هذا النداء شركا، إنه مشابه بالشرك، ولفظ يوهم معنى الشرك لا ينبغي التلفظ به أيضا، قال تعالى: لا تقولوا راعنا وقولوا انظرنا، وقال عليه السلام: لا تقولوا ما شاء الله وما شاء فلان، ولكن قولوا: ما شاء الله ثم شاء فلان الحديث…)) (التأليفات الرشيدية مع الفتاوى الرشيدية، ص٩٢)

قال حكيم الأمة مولانا أشرف علي التهانوي (١٨٦٣ – ١٩٤٣ م): ((التوسل له تفاسير ثلاثة. الأول: دعاءه واستغاثته كديوان المشركين [أي كما يفعله المشركون، أي: مباشرة وحقيقة]، وهو حرام إجماعا، أما أنه شرك جلي أم لا فمعياره: أنه إن اعتقد استقلاله بالتأثير فهو شرك كفري اعتقادا…وإلا فلا، ومعنى استقلاله أن الله قد فوّض إليه الأمور بحيث لا يحتاج في إمضائها إلى مشيئته الجزئية وإن قدر على عزله عن هذا التفويض…)) (بوادر النوادر، ص٧٠٦، ٧٠٨)

قال العلامة إدريس الكاندهلوي (١٨٩٩ – ١٩٧٤ م) ما تعريبه: ((ليُعلم أن الإستغاثة بغير الله ليس بحرام مطلقا. في بعض الصُّور إن الإستغاثة بغير الله كفر وشرك، وفي بعض الصُّور هو جائز. والضابط فيه أنه لو اعتقد أن هذا الغير يفعل ذلك استقلالا وله قدرة ذاتية أو له مثل هذا التصرف والإختار [أي: الإستقلال] بعد أن فوضه الله تعالى إليه، فهذا كفر وشرك من غير شك…أو يتوهم منه استقلاله فهذا يكون غير جائز وحرام، وفي بعض الصور يخشى على صاحبه الكفر)) (معارف القرآن، ج١ ص٢١ – ٢٢)، ثم بيّن جميع هذه الصور بالتفصيل ونقل عن تفسير الشاه عبد العزيز الدهلوي لتأييد كلامه.

هذا، وأما كلام من يبدو منه جواز الإستغاثة الممنوعة فهو إما مؤول، أو يكون شذوذا لا يجوز الأخذ به. وهذا ليس موضع التفصيل، فأقتصر على هذا القدر. ولمزيد لتفصيل والرد على شبهات المخالفين، ليراجَع رسالة العلامة ظفر أحمد العثماني ورسالة العلامة مرتضى حسن الجاندبوري المشار إليهما أعلاه.

* تنبيه:  قد تواتر عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم أنه يجيء أناس ممن صحبه إلى حوضه فيمنعهم الملائكة من التقدم إلى الحوض، فيقول صلى الله عليه وسلم: أصحابي، هم مني، إلى غير ذلك، فيخبره الله تعالى والملائكة بأنه لا علم له بما أحدث هؤلاء بعده من الإرتداد عن دينه، فيقول صلى الله عليه وسلم كما جاء في رواية: وكنت عيلهم شهيدا ما دمت فيهم، فلما توفيتني كنت أنت الرقيب عليهم.

 فهذا الدليل القطعي الثبوت يدل على بطلان قول المبتدعة بأن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم حصل على علم جميع ما فى الكون بحيث لا يعزب عنه مثقال ذرة، والتأويل فيه بعيد جدا. أما ما قد يشكل على البعض من حديث عرض الأعمال على النبي صلى لله عليه وسلم، فقال ابن الملقن في شرحه على البخاري وغيره من الشراح أن العرض المذكور في ذلك الحديث مخصوص بأعمال المؤمنين لا أعمال المرتدين والزنادقة والكفار، فهذا وجه الجمع بين الحديثين ووجه دفع هذا الإشكال، مع أنه ليس فى الحديث أن هذا العرض هو عرض تفصيلي، بل المتبادر إلى الذهن هو العرض الإجمالي ، فهو عرض محض من غير تعيين الشخص والوقت والمكان إلى غير ذلك، إلا ما شاء الله، كما في حديث سنن أبي داود: ((عرضت علي أجور أمتي حتى القذاة يخرجها الرجل من المسجد، وعرضت على ذنوب أمتي فلم أر ذنبا أعظم من سورة من القرآن أو آية أوتيها رجل ثم نسيها))


Barelwī Browbeating & Propaganda Against Deobandīs – UK Barelwīs Write to Muḥammad Ya‘qūbī

March 7, 2020

Recently, UK Barelwīs wrote a letter to Muḥammad Ya‘qūbī castigating him for calling to unity with different groups. The letter can be found here. While there are legitimate grounds to question “uniting” with groups like the Shī‘ah, the Barelwī letter-writers repeat age-old false propaganda against Deobandīs (p3-6), and ask Ya‘qūbī to support the takfīr of the Deobandī elders (p12) – and this is what concerns us here. They repeat the false propaganda of Aḥmad Riḍā Khān despite these having been exposed as clear lies and falsehoods for all audiences, whether Urdu-speaking, English-speaking or Arabic-speaking. The shameful and shameless slanders repeated in this letter were signed by some of their reputed UK-based “scholars” and preachers like Aslam Bandyalwi, Shams ul Huda Misbahi, Saqib Iqbal, Shahid Ali, Ibrar Shafi and Nabil Afzal.

For English-speakers, The Decisive Debate by Maulānā Manẓūr Nu‘mānī (accessible here) and A Critique of Ḥusām al-Ḥaramayn by Maulānā Sarfrāz Khān Ṣafdar (available here) are sufficient and detailed refutations of the false allegations of kufr found in Ḥusām al-Ḥaramayn, and repeated in the letter. For Arabic speakers, apart from al-Muhannad ‘ala ‘l-Mufannad (available here), the following are sufficient and detailed refutations:

الجواب عما اتهم به الشيخ قاسم النانوتوي من إنكار ختم النبوة
الجواب عما اتهم به العلامة خليل أحمد السهارنفوري
مولانا أشرف علي التهانوي وبحثه عن علم الغيب في رسالة حفظ الإيمان

False Equivalence Between Takfīr of Qādiyānīs and Takfīr of Deobandīs

The letter begins its discussion on Deobandīs by creating a false equivalence:

If you make Takfir of Qadiyanis due to their denial of some necessary matters of religion — regardless of their belief of Allah being One, the Messenger of Allah صلى الله تعالى عليه وسلم as a Messenger, the Qur’an as a Heavenly Book, Salah, Zakat, Sawm and Hajj — then why do you hesitate in making Takfir of the four leading scholars of Deobandis?

The beliefs for which Qādiyānīs are considered disbelievers (kāfirs/zindīqs) are not contested by the Qādiyānīs themselves. Yet the beliefs that Barelwīs falsely allege the Deobandī elders are guilty of, and because of which they accuse them of kufr, are contested by Deobandīs and were contested by those accused themselves. Hence, there is a clear contrast between the rightful takfīr of Qādiyānīs and the meritless takfīr of the Deobandī elders.

False Allegation against Maulānā Ashraf ‘Alī Thānawī & Ḥifẓ al-Īmān

The letter begins with the allegation against Maulānā Ashraf ‘Alī Thānawī:

Ashraf ‘Ali Thanwi, in his book Hifdh-ul-Iman, in order to show the knowledge of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم as less compared the Prophet’s knowledge to children, madmen, rather all animals and quadrupeds.

This is an outright falsehood. Details can be found in the third Arabic article linked above, and p68-80  from The Decisive Debate and p60-69 from A Critique of Ḥusām al-Ḥaramayn. A summarised response can be read here and here and here.

In the passage of Ḥifẓ al-Īmān in question, Maulānā Ashraf ‘Alī Thānawī was not trying to “show the knowledge of the Prophet ṣallallāhu ‘alayhi wasallam to be less” as alleged here. Rather, he was arguing against the use of the title “‘Ālim al-Ghayb” for the Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alayhi wasallam).

Nor did he compare prophetic knowledge to the knowledge of children, madmen and animals. Rather, he contended that if it is based on mere possession of some knowledge of unseen that the Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alayhi wasallam) is to be referred to as “‘Ālim al-Ghayb”, then mere possession of some knowledge of unseen is not unique to the Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alayhi wasallam); in this case, all and sundry, even children, madmen and animals can be called “‘Ālim al-Ghayb” given that they all have some knowledge of unseen. As can be seen, there is no comparison made between the actual knowledge of the Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alayhi wasallam) and these others.

Moreover, in Ḥifẓ al-Īmān itself, a few paragraphs after the above, Maulānā Ashraf ‘Alī Thānawī says: “The knowledges that are consequential to and necessary for prophethood were acquired by [the Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alayhi wasallam)] in their totality.” (Ḥifẓ al-Īmān, p17) It is clear he is not trying to “show prophetic knowledge as being less” when he affirms full and complete knowledge of those things that are needed for prophethood; and it is clear he does not believe such knowledge is attained by a non-prophet.

Maulānā Ashraf ‘Alī Thānawī himself answered the false allegation of Aḥmad Riḍā Khān that he compared or drew an equivalence between prophetic knowledge and the knowledge of children, madmen and animals in a subsequent treatise called Basṭ al-Banān, which is appended to most editions of Ḥifẓ al-Īmān.

False Allegation against Maulānā Khalīl Aḥmad Sahāranpūrī & Barāhīn e Qāṭi‘ah

The letter then moves on to the allegation against Maulānā Khalīl Aḥmad Sahāranpūrī, and by extension Maulānā Rashīd Aḥmad Gangohī. It states:

Khalil Ahmad Ambethwi, in Barahin-i-Qati’ah, wrote that the knowledge of Shaytan is greater than the knowledge of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم . By writing an attestation upon this book, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi supported this disparagement.

Again, this is complete falsehood. For a detailed explanation, see this article, as well p39-67  from The Decisive Debate and p46-54 from A Critique of Ḥusām al-Ḥaramayn and answer 18 & 19 from al-Muhannad ‘ala ‘l-Mufannad (authored by Maulānā Khalīl Aḥmad Sahāranpūrī himself). Also see the second Arabic article linked above.

Maulānā Khalīl Aḥmad Sahāranpūrī was discussing specifically certain types of worldly knowledge, namely knowledge of human actions and what takes place in human gatherings etc. An earlier work called Anwār e Sāṭi‘ah apparently argued for complete knowledge for the Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alayhi wasallam) of such things based on an analogy with Shayṭān, whose knowledge of these things is proven. Maulānā Khalīl Aḥmad Sahāranpūrī responded that analogy cannot prove such things, and while it is proven textually that Shayṭān was given such knowledge it is not proven for the Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alayhi wasallam). As clear, this is regarding specific types of worldly knowledge, not about knowledge in general – similar to how the Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alayhi wasallam) himself said: “You have more knowledge of the matters of your world.” (Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim)

Regarding knowledge in general, and in particular religious and otherworldly knowledge, Maulānā Khalīl Aḥmad Sahāranpūrī said explicitly in al-Muhannad ‘ala ‘l-Mufannad (p70-71) that the Prophet’s knowledge is most extensive. He had also said in Barāhīn e Qāṭi‘ah: “Not even the least Muslim will claim likeness with the Pride of the World (upon him blessings) in proximity to Allāh and his lofty perfections.” (Barāhīn e Qāṭi‘ah, p7) Of course “lofty perfections” would include knowledge. That is, in knowledge of things on which perfection and virtue depend, none is more knowledgeable than the Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alayhi wasallam).

But at the same time, the Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alayhi wasallam) asked protection from knowledge that is of no benefit. (Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim) Hence, useless, senseless, and even filthy and dirty knowledge, are unbefitting for the Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alayhi wasallam). It is no virtue if Shayṭān has lots of them and the Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alayhi wasallam) does not.

False Allegation against Maulānā Qāsim Nānotwī & Taḥdhīr un Nās

The letter then moves on to the allegation against Maulānā Qāsim Nānotwī. It states:

Qasim Nanotwi, in his book Tahdhir un Nas, explained that it is possible for a new prophet to emerge after our Noble Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم and denied the meaning of Final Prophet as being Last in terms of time.

This, again, is complete falsehood. For details, see this article, the first Arabic article linked above and p18-31 from The Decisive Debate and p24-33 from A Critique of Ḥusām al-Ḥaramayn.

In Taḥdhīr un Nās, Maulānā Qāsim Nānotwī says explicitly that the belief in the Prophet’s (ṣallallāhu ‘alayhi wasallam) finality in terms of time is an absolute necessity of belief and its denial is disbelief.

Maulānā Qāsim Nānotwī merely presents an additional meaning to the term Khātam al-Nabiyyīn that along with meaning the last prophet in terms of time, it also means the prophet that topped all other prophets in terms of perfection. Several centuries before him, ‘Allāmah al-Khafājī had written: “Khātam [in “Khātam al-Nabiyyīn”] is with kasrah & fatḥah on the tā’ – [it means] the end of them and the one in whom is their [total] perfection” (Nasīm al-Riyāḍ, Dārul Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 3:31)

This is precisely what Maulānā Nānotwī stated in Taḥdhīr un Nās: that Khātam al-Nabiyyīn has both meanings of 1) being the prophet that tops all other prophets in perfections and 2) the last of them in time. To explain further, Maulānā Nānotwī said that given the first meaning (i.e. topping all other prophets in perfections), in the hypothetical scenario that a prophet came after the Prophet Muḥammad (ṣallallāhu ‘alayhi wasallam) this would not violate his being the Khātam al-Nabiyyīn, i.e. in the first meaning, and he would top even that hypothetical prophet by virtue of this meaning of Khātam al-Nabiyyīn. Even in making this hypothetical judgement, he made it clear that it hinges on Khātam al-Nabiyyīn in the first meaning – while he explicitly endorses Khātam al-Nabiyyīn in the second meaning also, and in fact says very clearly that anyone who denies the chronological finality of the Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alayhi wasallam) is a disbeliever. Given this, to claim he stated that it is factually possible for another prophet to appear is a complete distortion of what he had written.

Adamance on False Takfīr

After presenting these false allegations, the letter then declares:

All of these matters are unequivocal, certain and unanimously agreed upon as being Kufr and there is no room for any valid interpretation for these statements.

It is unbelievable how statements completely removed from what they are alleged to mean by Barelwī Takfīrīs are declared by them to “unequivocally” hold those meanings! The degree of delusion and deception in this comment is truly astounding.

The letter continues:

The controversial statements of the aforementioned books are proven unequivocally via mass transmission and all the leading Deobandi scholars are unanimously agreed upon the fact that these statements indeed belong to their scholars. One will be unable to find even two Deobandi scholars who disagree with this fact.

Yes, there is no debate that Maulānā Qāsim Nānotwī authored Taḥdhīr un Nās or that Maulānā Khalīl Aḥmad Sahāranpūrī authored Barḥīn e Qāṭi‘ah or that Maulānā Ashraf ‘Alī Thānawī authored Ḥifẓ al-Īmān. The debate is only over how passages from these books are (mis)represented and (mis)interpreted, namely by alleging that Maulānā Qāsim Nānotwī in Taḥdhīr un Nās said it is factually possible for another prophet to come after the Prophet Muḥammad, that Maulānā Khalīl Aḥmad Sahāranpūrī in Barḥīn e Qāṭi‘ah said Shayṭān has more knowledge than the Prophet Muḥammad (ṣallallāhu ‘alayhi wasallam) and that Maulānā Ashraf ‘Alī Thānawī in Ḥifẓ al-Īmān said prophetic knowledge is comparable/equivalent to the knowledge of children, madmen and animals. This (mis)characterisation is certainly not “proven via mass transmission”. Rather, it is clear distortion and fabrication, indeed calumny and slander.

Ḥusām al-Ḥaramayn and its Attestations

The letter continues:

The Takfir of these four scholars is recorded in Husam-ul-Haramayn. The signatures of thirty three scholars of the Haramayn are present in this and hundreds of scholars of the Indian subcontinent also made Takfir.

The takfīrs of the four elders of Deoband recorded in Ḥusām al-Ḥaramayn is based on distortion and fabrication as explained in detail in The Decisive Debate and A Critique of Ḥusām al-Ḥaramayn.

On the value of the signatures of the scholars from the Ḥaramayn, see the discussion from Maulānā Ḥusain Aḥmad Madanī’s al-Shihāb al-Thāqib. The most prominent scholars of Makkah did not sign the document, and those that did made the endorsement conditional on the accuracy of Aḥmad Riḍā Khān’s claims and attributions – either explicitly or implicitly. So, given that the claims and attributions are false, the attestations and signatures hold no weight.

With characteristic Barelwī browbeating, the letter continues:

What is your stance in this regard? Is it disparagement or not to compare the knowledge of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم to children, madmen and animals? If it is then whoever is guilty of such disparagement, is he a Kafir or not? If he is a Kafir then why is Ashraf ‘Ali Thanwi not a Kafir? Is it disparagement or not to assert that the knowledge of the accursed Shaytan is greater than the knowledge of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم? If it is then whoever is guilty of such disparagement, is he a Kafir or not? If he is a Kafir then why is Takfir not made of Rashid Ahmad Gangohi and Khalil Ahmad Ambethwi? If someone claims that it is possible for a new prophet to emerge after our Noble Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم then is such a person a Kafir or not? If he is then one who writes or says this, is he Kafir or not? If he is a Kafir then why is Takfir not made of Qasim Nanotwi?

It is not contested that drawing an equivalence between prophetic knowledge and knowledge of children, madmen and animals, or saying Shayṭān is more knowledgeable than the Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alayhi wasallam) or believing it is factually possible for another prophet to emerge after the Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alayhi wasallam) is kufr. What is contested is that these things were said by these scholars. And as shown an umpteen number of times, the attributions are completely false.

The letter continues:

Our question is not regarding the Takfir of every Deobandi individual. Rather, specifically it is regarding the four leading Deobandi scholars, whose aforementioned statements from their books have been translated into Arabic and English and brought to your attention by Indo-Pak scholars numerous times alongside the explanation for their Takfir. Generally it is regarding every individual, upon whom the Kufr of these statements has been made clear from debates, speeches and writings. Notwithstanding this, such individuals consider these scholars as their religious guides. To this extent, after this much clarification, one who doubts the Kufr of these Deobandi leaders also becomes a Kafir.

This statement shows the efforts to which Barelwīs go to satisfy their urges of meritless takfīr against Deobandīs. They will try to throw it in the faces of outside scholars, alongside their usual deceptive “explanation” and commentary. The letter-writers should consider that maybe not all outside scholars can be intimidated and browbeaten. Some may actually choose to look into the matter and with a little inspection conclude that the allegations are false and slanderous. If the takfīr was so clear-cut and obvious (like the takfīr of Qādiyānīs), why are Barelwīs so hellbent on mutilating passages, and why do they have to distort evidence while “proving” the takfīr?

Imkān al-Kidhb

The letter then brings up the issue of imkān al-kidhb:

It is also the belief of Deobandis that lying is a possibility for Allah تعالى ,i.e. speaking a lie is within the Divine Power. This was written by Rashid Ahmad Gangohi in his Fatawa and Isma’il Dehlawi in his epistle Yak Rozi. However in many books of ‘Aqa’id of Ahl-us-Sunnah it is clearly stated that the Divine Power is only related to possibilities, not necessities nor impossibilities. This is because if a necessary matter is within the Divine Power then it becomes a possibility, whereas it is necessary. Likewise if an impossible matter is within the Divine Power then it becomes a possibility, whereas it is impossible.

It is strange that they provide references to an Urdu work, Fatāwā Rashīdiyyah, and a Farsi work, Yak Rozī, even though this issue is explained in al-Muhannad ‘ala ‘l-Mufannad, an easily accessible Arabic work attested to by all major Deobandī scholars of the early era. They probably chose not to refer to al-Muhannad because it provides evidence from the statements of the scholars of Kalām that issuing false speech within the kalām lafẓī is within Allāh’s power though its occurrence is not possible, and scholars from the Arab world of that time endorsed their explanation.

Yes, necessities and impossibilities are not included within Allāh’s power. Issuing a false statement, however, does not fall under intrinsic impossibilities but under intrinsic possibilities. It is just like putting a pious believer in Hell or putting a wretched disbeliever in Heaven – such things are intrinsically possible given Allāh’s power over them, but their occurrence is impossible. For an explanation, see this.

The letter continues to provide evidence that issuing false speech is impossible:

Lying is a defect and it is impossible to ascribe defects to the Divine Essence of Allah تعالى. It is stated in Sharh-ul-‘Aqa’id Jalali, “Lying is a defect and defects are impossible for Allah. Thus lying is not from possibilities, nor is it included within the Divine Power, just as all causes of defect are impossible for Allah تعالى ,e.g. ignorance and incapacity.” [Al-Dawwani ‘Alal ‘Aqa’id Al-‘Adadiyyah, p73, Mujtaba’i, Delhi, reference from Fatawa Ridawiyyah 15:329] In Sharh-ul-Maqasid it is stated, 6 “Lying is impossible for Allah. Firstly due to the consensus of the scholars. Secondly due to mass transmission of reports of the Prophets والسالم الصالة عليهم .Thirdly due to lying being a defect by the unanimous agreement of intellectuals. It is impossible for Allah تعالى”. [Sharh-ul-Maqasid 2:104, Dar-ul-Ma’arif an-Nu’maniyyah, Lahore, reference from Fatawa Ridawiyyah 15:517]

It should first be noted that there are explicit statements from the scholars of Kalām stating that issuing a false statement within the kalām lafẓī (verbalised speech), as opposed to the kalām nafsī (self speech), is from the possibilities contained within Allāh’s power, although its occurrence is impossible. See here for several documented texts.

For example, al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī writes about falsehood in the verbalised speech that it is “from the possibilities included within Allah’s power” (min al-mumkināt allatī tashmaluhū qudratuh). (Sharḥ al-Mawāqif, 8:331) ‘Allāmah Isma‘īl al-Kalanbawī (d 1205 H) says: “In sum, lying being ugly in the kalām lafẓī, in the sense that it is an attribute of imperfection, is not accepted according to the Ash‘arīs. That is why al-Sharīf al-Muḥaqqiq said it is from the category of possibilities, while acquiring decisive knowledge of its non-occurrence in His speech by consensus of scholars and prophets does not negate its intrinsic possibility.” (Ḥāshiyat al-Kalnabawī ‘ala ‘l-Jalāl, p.449-50)

More quotes can be found in al-Muhannad ‘ala ‘l-Mufannad and in Juhd al-Muqill and in the links given above.

What about the quotes the Barelwī letter-writers reproduce from Aḥmad Riḍā Khān? Regarding the first quote from al-Dawwānī, Maulānā Khalīl Aḥmad Sahāranpūrī contends that it is regarding the kalām nafsī and not the kalām lafẓī. (Tazkirat al-Khalīl, p145) The statement from Sharḥ al-Maqāṣid is also very clearly regarding the kalām nafsī. The original quote can be found on page 158-9 of the fourth volume of Sharḥ al-Maqāṣid (available here). In this way, it is possible to reconcile the apparently conflicting statements.

Istighāthah

The letter further alleges:

Furthermore Deobandis generally consider the one who seeks help from the inhabitants of graves as a disbeliever and polytheist. They consider the one who calls upon inhabitants of graves from afar as a polytheist akin to the disbelievers of the Quraysh who call upon idols.

This is false. Deobandīs do not say istighāthah (asking for help from saints who have passed away) is always major shirk. They regard it to be impermissible and expressions of shirk (and thus sometimes refer to it as “shirk”), but only true shirk when accompanied by a belief that the being called for help is an independent agent. This same position on istighāthah was articulated by Ḥanafis before Deobandīs like Ṣun‘ullāh al-Ḥalabī (who is also pre-Wahhābī), Qāḍī Thanā’ullāh Pānipatī and Shaykh Maḥmūd Ālūsī.

Maulānā Ashraf ‘Alī Thānawī has a short Arabic write-up on tawassul. One of the types of tawassul he describes is istighāthah. He defines it as “calling to [a creature] and seeking his help in the manner of the idolaters. This is ḥarām by consensus. As for whether it is manifest shirk or not, its criterion is that if he believes in his independence in bringing about an effect, it is shirk in creed, of a blasphemous nature…[and otherwise, it is not]” (Bawādir al-Nawādir, p. 706) Then, explaining the meaning of “independence”, he says:

معنى استقلاله أن الله قد فوض إليه الأمور بحيث لا يحتاج في إمضائها إلى مشيئته الجزئية وإن قدر على عزله عن هذا التفويض

“The meaning of his ‘independence’ is that Allāh had authorised him with powers in such a way that he does not need His particular will in [each instance of] executing those [powers], although He has the ability to depose him from this authorisation.” (Bawādir al-Nawādir, p. 708)

He has also explained a similar principle in a work called Nihāyat al-Idrāk fi Aqsām al-Ishrāk, which has been translated.

Maulānā Rashīd Aḥmad Gangohī also differentiates between different beliefs, and does not state istighāthah is automatically shirk akbar. He references Shah Isḥāq Dehlawī, the grandson and successor of Shāh ‘Abdul Azīz Dehlawī.

Mawlid

They continue:

They consider those who commemorate the Mawlid as misguided innovators etc.

To celebrate the birthday of the Prophet (ṣallallāhu ‘alayhi wasallam) in the month of Rabī‘ al-Awwal as an institutionalised, habitual, ritual practice done each year is indeed an innovation. Deobandī elders were not the only ones to denounce this practice. Abū Isḥāq al-Shāṭibī, Tāj al-Dīn al-Fākihānī, Abū ‘Abdillāh al-Ḥaffār and other scholars had also denounced the birthday celebration, which was initially introduced by the Shī‘ī Rawāfiḍ some time around the fourth or fifth centuries of Hijrah.

Deobandīs do not have issue with holding a gathering, without ritualising or institutionalising a particular time, to praise and glorify the Prophet Muḥammad (ṣallallāhu ‘alayhi wasallam). For more detail, see here and here.

Takfīr

The letter-writers finally make the absurd claim:

The Wahhabis and Deobandis consider Ahl-us-Sunnah as hell bound polytheists. Are such Wahhabis and Deobandis people of truth?

Takfīr is the pastime of Barelwīs and Wahhābīs, not Deobandīs. Deobandīs do not consider Ahl al-Sunnah to be hell-bound polytheists. On the other hand, Barelwīs do consider innocent imāms of Ahl al-Sunnah and those who do not consider them to be disbelievers hell-bound disbelievers. Maulānā Ḥusayn Aḥmad Madanī points out in al-Shihāb al-Thāqib (p221-4) that in truth it is Barelwīs that resemble Wahhābīs in their most characteristic trait i.e. takfīr, and thus are more deserving of that appellation than Deobandīs.

Concluding Note

Evidence-based critique of the takfīr and false allegations against Deobandīs as presented above generally elude dyed-in-the-wool Barelwīs like those that authored this letter. For them it makes no difference whether an explanation is given or not, whether their misinformation is exposed or not. The verdict given by Maulānā Manẓūr Nu‘mānī based on a decade-long experience from a century ago still rings true today. He writes:

In my earlier phase, after ten years of experience, it became a ‘true certainty’ for me that the educated flag bearers and leaders of this [Barelwī] fitnah of takfīr never misunderstood or made an academic slip. They themselves know very well that our elders are completely free of those heretical beliefs they attribute to them. In short, I do not have even an atom’s weight of doubt in the ungodliness that purely for their worldly benefits and interest, they wilfully slandered and falsely accused our elders. Therefore, there is no hope that if they understand the matter through the means of writing or lecturing, this fitnah will end. Not only once or twice, again and again, through the means of writing and lecturing and discussion, attempts have been made to make them understand. Books have been written. Debates have been had. And by the grace and mercy of Allāh Almighty and His accordance and support, in those books and those debates, the matter was composed and written in such a way that if in reality there was some misunderstanding or academic error then this matter would have ended long ago. But the reality is that, since this fitnah-mongering is the means of their work and livelihood, even if they are made to understand a thousand times, they will never accept. This condition of theirs is exactly like the stubborn actions of those who oppose Allāh, regarding whom the Noble Qur’ān says: ‘And they denied them, though their souls acknowledged them, for spite and arrogance.’ (27:14)

This is why I am certain that talking with these instigators to make them understand is merely a waste of time and actually helps their cause. This is why it is my sure opinion that all of this should be avoided, and the policy mentioned in these words of the Qur’ān should be adopted clearly: ‘There is no argumentation between us and you. Allāh will bring us together, and to Him is the final return.’ (42:15) Thus, I will no longer correspond with the flag bearers and leaders of this fitnah of takfīr who have made this fitnah-mongering their occupation and work.

However, it is no doubt the right of those poor Muslim laymen who, being deceived by their scholarly form and scholarly dress, became afflicted by this fitnah of takfīr, that in a suitable manner they are made to understand and an attempt is made to save them from this fitnah. In this respect a grassroots and general method is that in the place where this fitnah is manifest, to explain to the educated Muslims amongst them the actual truth and the reality of these fitnah-stirrers, and then they will make attempts to make the masses understand. (The Decisive Debate, p. 13-4)